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#######<DESCRIPTION/ COOMENT>##### ##############
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###<MORE CAN BE FURTHER INVESTIGATED ON THE #INTERNET; FIRST BOOK WAS PUBLISHED IN 1984>
#<SOME PUBLICATIONS HAVE BEEN TRANSLATED TO OTHER #LANGUAGES>
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#BOOK--><SURFACE CHEMISTRY OF HYDRAULIC FRACTURING>#####################################
##....>FRACTURING IN SHALE RESERVOIRS IS A FUNDAMENTAL ##SURFACE CHEMISTRY PROCESS<
####<<<ALL FRACTURES IN SOLIDS (SHALE) INITIATE AT
######SURFACES>>>
##>>>GAS/OIL DIFFUSION IN SHALE IS A SURFACE CHEMISTRY ##PROCESS :: SURFACE DIFFUSION<<<
##>>>PROCESS OF FRACTURE IS SURFACE CHEMISTRY ##TECHNOLOGY#############################################
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##ELECTRICAL INTERFACIAL PHENOMENA####################
##SURFACE POTENTIAL(SP):::PLUS or ZERO or MINUS CHARGE##
SP/KCl/=ZERO(K+,surface=Cl-,surface##############
##SP/RSO3-=NEGATIVE##SP/RNH3+Cl-=POSITIVE######
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###SURFACE ^ COLLOID CHEMISTRY:::THEORETICAL & APPLICATIONS##
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>>>Surface Chemistry- Carbon Capture>>>
<<<Climate Change Aspects>>>
Surface Chemistry of Carbon Capture: Climate Change Aspects provides comprehensive and up-to-date literature on carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology and delineates the surface chemistry of this process.
Mankind is dependent on energy from gas, oil, coal, atomic energy, and various other sources. In all fossil fuel combustion processes, carbon dioxide (CO2) is produced (ca. 25 Gt/year). In the past few decades we have observed a constant increase in CO2 content in the air (currently ca. 420 ppm [0.042%]). This book discusses the technology related to carbon (i.e., CO2) capture and sequestration (CCS) from fossil fuel energy plants, which is considered an important means of CO2 control. It also covers the adsorption/absorption processes of CO2 (1) on solids/ (2) absorption in fluids/ (3) recycling; and similar procedures to help address growing climate change controls. CARBON SINKS//CARBON RECYCLE//CARBON PLASTIC RECYCLE//
##OCEANS CONTAIN OVER 50000 TO 75000 GTONS CO2//OCEANS ARE RESERVOIRS FOR CO2 & HEAT FROM SUN#####
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##KEY FEATURES//• Highlights the surface chemistry aspects of carbon capture technology
.• Contributes to attaining the 2-degree Celsius consensus of the 2015 Paris Climate Summit (COP27/2022)
"But Data Show That since Industrial revolution (200 Years Ago)-> Temperature of Earth Has Changed
(increased) by One Degree (Co).
.• Considers solid surfaces from a solid thermodynamic basis, using the surface energy theory
• Connects surface chemistry principles to CO2 capture (and recycling) as the future will rely on surface chemical processes
• Describes the importance of carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) capture and sequestration in the future to enable utilization of fossil fuels without contributing to atmospheric greenhouse gas effect (GHG)
.<MASS BALANCE OF CARBON (DIOXIDE) IN ATMOSPHERE-OCEANS-LAKES-RIVERS--FORESTS-PLANTS><FOODS-FISHERIES>
##CO2,air in equilibrium state (such as: oceans/lakes/rivers and plants (photosynthesis) ::Oceans CO2 sink:;CARBONATES/SHELLS/FISHERIES####
##CARBON CAPTURE RECYCLING STORAGE (CCRS) IS BASICS FOR MANKIND TO CONTROL GHG/POLLUTION#############
##CCRS TECHNOLOGY IS BEING DEVELOPED WORLDWIDE##REDUCING / CONTROL / RECYCLING / STORAGE OF CO2,gas#####
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##CARBON MASS BALANCE (CO2,gas Equilibrium)#######################################################
ATMOSPHERE & OCEANS/LAKES/RIVERS: Carbon dioxide (CO2) is soluble in water (oceans/lakes/rivers) as H2CO3, and further interacts with minerals to form various carbonates (fisheries; shells). It is found that this carbon equilibrium is very significant in determining the stable carbon concentration in atmosphere. This arises from the fact that :...............................................................( Gton = 1000 Million ton)
####CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2,air) = 750 Gton
####CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2,oceans) = 39000 TO 75000 Gton
####THE EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT: (PSEUDO EQUILIBRIUM)
#####################Kco2,ao = 750/39000 = ca. 1:50 TO 1:100
#####################>>>THIS CARBON - OCEAN EQUILIBRIUM INDICATES:::OCEANS/LAKES/RIVERS ARE CARBON SINKS#######
#####################......ANY MANMADE ADDITION TO THE ATMOSPHERE WILL DUE TO EQUILIBRIUM ##########################DISTRIBUTE ACCORDINGLY.###############################################
########################################[K. S. BIRDI: CLIMATE CHANGE (2019)]#########################
